Construction of machine tools



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CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINE TOOLS Filed Nov. 23, 1935 15 Sheets-Sheet 15 Patented Jan. 21', 1936 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,028,727 coNsmUc'noN F momma TOOLS Application November 23, 1933, Serial No. 699,440

39 Claims.

This invention relates generally to the construction of machine tools and more particularly to those for performing metal removing processes such as drilling. tapping, milling, boring, reaming, grinding and the like.

Heretofore, machine tools have usually been designed especially for the respective types of processes to be performed thereby, with the result that a machine designed for one process, such as drilling, was inherently unsuited for a different process, such as milling.

The primary object of the present invention is to provide a novel method of construction by which it is possible to build machine tools capable of performing efficiently many difierent types of metal removing processes.

In prior practice also, machine tools have been designed in such a way that the functions performed by the various parts of the machine were dependent upon each other and were distributed throughout the machine in such a manner as to make a variation of or an addition to these functions impracticable.

Another object of this invention is to provide a novel method in which the essential functions of various types of machine tools are distinctly segregated in a number of major structural units which are common to machines for performing a great variety of metal removing processes, as for example, the functions of supporting the work and the tool,-guiding the tool or the work in their relative feeding movement, effecting such relative feeding movement, and driving the tool or the work. The invention aims to provide a method and apparatus by which a large group of different machine tools for performing a wide variety of different machining processes singly or in multiple may be built by assembling a relatively small number of interchangeable units singly or in multiple according to the functions of the desired machine and by which the machine thus built may be converted readily into any other machine of the group by omission, substitution or addition of the proper units.

Another object is to provide a novel construction of the specific units above mentioned whereby a minimum member of different kinds of units are required, whereby the complexity of the parts required to be substituted in changing from one type of machining process to another is reiluced to a minimum, whereby the major driving and controlling elements are concentrated in one readily demountableand interchangeable power init, whereby to provide a high degree of inter- :hangeability of the units which perform analogous functions, and whereby the lines or angles of approach between the work and the tools may be varied readily,

The invention has for a general object the pro vision of a method and apparatus for manufacturing machine tools having the advantages of low initial manufacturing cost, increased range of utility, reduced loss to the user through obsolescence, and lowered maintenance and direct labor costs to the user.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 shows in perspective a group of units which may be assembled to form different machine tools in accordance with the present invention, duplicate units being shown in dotted outline.

Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a machine tool built from the units shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view of the column and base structure of the machine shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary elevation taken from the opposite end of the machine shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary perspective view illustrating the manner of distributing lubricant to the guideways.

Fig. 6 is a perspective view of the 'way lubricating mechanism.

Fig. '7 shows the power driving and feeding mechanism in perspective.

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary sectional view of a part of the cycle control mechanism.

Fig, 9 is a fragmentary sectional view of the power driving and feeding mechanism.

Figs. 10 to 18 are side elevational views of different types of -tool or spindle units.

Figs. 19 and 20 are wiring diagrams of typical cycle control circuits.

Fig. 21 shows schematically the manner of mounting the electrical conductors.

Fig. 22 is a fragmentary horizontal sectional view'through one of the bed wings.

Fig. 23 is a fragmentary sectional view of one of the electrical connectors employed.

Figs. 24 and 25 are perspective views of spacers.

Fig. 26 is a schematic view of the control dogs for defining a typical machine cycle.

Fig. 27 shows the control switches and cams for defining the cycle illustrated in Fig. 26.

Fi 28 is a similar view of the cams and switches for a different cycle.

Fig 29 is a view similar to Fig- 26 but for a different cycle.

. Fig. 2 illustrating modifications of the invention.

Figs. 49, 54,55. 56, 57, 58, 59 and 60 are perspective views: of modified forms of the parts.

Fig. 61 is a fragmentary sectional view of the mechanism for driving the work table of the machine shown in Fig; 53.

The invention is susceptible of various modifications and therefore we do not,'by the present exemplary disclosure, intend to limit the invention, but aim to cover all modifications and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.

The invention in general By analysis of machine tools for performing drilling, tapping, boring, milling and allied metalremoving processes, we have found that such machines have a large number of functions in common but that heretofore these functions have been so distributed in the different machines that the assembled structures for performing the different processes difiered widely in construction.

The method which we have produced involves first a segregation of all of the fundamental functions of a plurality of different types of machine tools into a relatively small number of groups of such functions, and secondly the construction of structurally separate machine units or sections capable of being assembled singly or in multiple and in different positional relationships to form any one of said machine tools and each. capable, in the unitary assembly thus formed, of performing the functions of one of said groups independently of or conjointly with associated units irrespective of the variably assembled positions of the units.

As exemplified in Figs. 1 to 45 of the present disclosure, the invention is particularly adapted for the building of machines for performing drilling, tapping, boring and milling and allied machining processes singly or in multiple and for this purpose contemplates the provision of a group of structurally separate stock units havin individual functional characteristics and hereinafter referred to as the pedestal I, the bed wing 2, the slide or horizontal guide section ,3 ,,the column or vertical guide section 4, the saddle 5, the power pack 6, and the tool or spindle unit I.

The pedestal I, which ordinarily will be used for supporting the work-piece to be machined, constitutes, in most machines, a keystone unit around which the other units are built. The bed wing 2 cooperates with the pedestal to form the machine bed and functions as a support for the tool-carrying, actuating and guiding parts and as a rigid connection between the work and tool supports to correlate the tool and the work. The slide 3 and the column 4 are adapted to be mounted interchangeably upon the bed wing 2, their primary functions being to provide horizontal and vertical guides for the machine element which is reciprocated to produce the necessary relative movement between the work and the cutting tool. The saddle 5 is slidable on the ways on the slide or column and constitutes a support for carrying a power pack 6 and a-tool unit 1.

The majority of the functions and substantially all of those which require moving parts for their performance including tool-driving, feeding of the tool and work relative to each other at different speeds and in opposite directions, and variable cycle defining are performed by mechanism, preferably electrically. driven, concentrated in the power pack 6 which is carried by the saddle 5. The primary functions of the tool unit I are those of carrying the tool and transmitting rotary power thereto from the power pack. It is mounted on the saddle 5 for ready detachment therefrom independently of the power pack. While the tool units will vary to some extent according to the types of processes and the sizes and relative positions of the tools thereon, the construction is such as to provide for ready interchangeability of these units for performing different metal removing processes.

Where conditions require that the tools approach the work along lines or angles other than those provided for by the units already mentioned, theinvention contemplates the introduction of spacing units 8 and 9 (Figs. 24 and 25) between the proper units.

With the foregoing general functional characteristics of the different units in mind, it will be observed that in accordance with our method of construction, any machine of the group contem saddles and power pack units singly or in multiple about a pedestal in the proper positional relationship as determined by the number of processes to be performed and the angles of approach to be effected, and then associating with each power pack a tool unit characterized by the nature of the particular process to be performed thereby. For example, if it is desired to build a three-way machine having two horizontal lines and one vertical line of approach, a pedestal, three bed wings, two slides. one column, three saddles, three power packs and three tool units would be required, these units being assembled and secured together as shown in Fig. 2.

. In any machine thus built, the units retain their functional indentity irrespective of the positional relation in which they are assembled so that the machine may be dismantled and the units, by the addition, subtraction, substitution or rearrangement thereof, may be utilized in the building of any other machine of the group contemplated. As a result, the method not only enables a wide variety of machine tools to be constructed from a relatively small number of elemental units, but also eliminates the hazard of obsolescence of the machines in the users hands which heretofore has resulted from the necessary revision ofmanufacturing processes to conform to changes in the products manufactured.

It should here be noted that the particular size, shape and number of the individual units as well as the manner of segregating fundamental machine functions therein and particular lines of structural division therebetween may, in the broad aspects of our invention, be varied considerably. We have shown in the drawings and will now describe in detail the preferred structural exemplifications, of the invention, considering first the respective elemental units.

The pedestal This unit is fashioned for attachment of bed wings 2 thereto in various angular relations. While it may be of various cross-sectional shapes, a polygonal box-like structure is preferred. With a pedestal of oblong rectangular cross-section, such as the one herein illustrated, the formation of a rugged connection with the bed wings and location of the horizontal guideways in the common right angular relation is facilitated and, by attachment of a bed wing to a long or short side of the pedestal, some degree of adjustment of the vertical line of approach of the tool. is provided for.

To permit the construction of machines having one, two, three or four horizontal angles or lines of approach, all four sides of the pedestal are fashioned for attachment of bed wings thereto. For this purpose, accurately machined pads or surfaces IU of suitable size and location are formed on each side of the pedestal. Threaded holes II are provided in the pads to receive screws I2 (Figs. 2 and 4) by which the bed wings are clamped rigidly to the pedestal, and, if desired,

holes I3 may be provided to receive dowels I4.

To facilitate the mounting of suitable work fixtures upon the pedestal, the top wall thereof is formed with holes I5 to receive fixture clamping devices and with keyways I6 for receiving correspondingly shaped tongues on the work fixtures (not shown). The keyways, which extend between a large central recess I1 and similar recesses I8, may be used conveniently as reference points in accurately lining up the tool guideways relativeto the fixture as will be described later.

In addition to its primary function of supporting the work in most of the machinesherein contemplated, the pedestal constitutes a'cl'iip receptacle and also houses the electric power conductors from which the driving mechanisms of all of the power packs are supplied. Chips falling through the apertures I1 and I8 may be removed through apertures I9, one of which is preferably provided in each of the side walls of the pedestal.

Herein the main power supply conductors are led into the pedestal through an opening 2,!) located near one corner so as to be readily accessible irrespective of the positions of the bed wings secured to the pedestal. These conductors extend through a conduit 2| terminating in a central junction box 22 (Fig. 21) from which conduits 23 extend through each of the vertical side walls of the pedestal. The junction box is tightly closed by a suitable removable cover (not shown) The bed wing Like the pedestal, the bed wing comprises a hollow casting preferably of rectangular and oblong horizontal sectional shape. In the form shown in Fig. 1, one end Wall is fashioned for attachment interchangeably to a side or end wall of the pedestal and for this purpose four machined pads 25 are formed on the end wall in positions for alinement with the pedestal pads I0 when the bed wing and pedestal are assembled. The pads 25 are carried by flanges 26 having holes 21 therein through which the clamping screws I2 are extended and the dowel pins I4 are projected when the pedestal and bed wing are properly assembled. A flange 28 formed at the base of the bed The top wall of the bed wing is fashioned for attachment of a slide 3, a column 4, or a spacer 8 or 9 thereto interchangeably. For this purpose, machined pads or surfaces 29 and 30 are formed at opposite ends of the wall with threaded holes 3I therein to receive screws 32 for clamping the slide and the rear edge of the column upon the bed wing and holes 33 for receiving screws 34 by which the forward edge of the column is secured to the bed wing.

In addition to its main function of maintaining a proper positional relation between the pedestal and guide section by which the work and a tool are carried, the bed wing forms a housing for the bulk of the electrical equipment by which the power driven mechanism is controlled as will be described later. To this end, a closet 35 closed by a door 36 is provided in the end portion of the bed wing 2 opposite the pedestal. An electrical conduit 31 extends from this closet along the bottom wall of the bed wing and terminates in a hole in register with one of the pedestal conduits 23 This horizontal guide section and the bed wing are made structurally separate to provide for interchangeability of the slide 3 and the column 4 on the bed wings 2 and to avoid the necessity of constructing a special tool supporting,and guide assembly for each different angle of approach or length of tool travel which is encountered. With a separately formed slide, the guideways thereon may be located at various heights or at odd angles with a minimum of special equipment as by the use of vertical spacers or angle spacers 8 or 9 of varying height or angularity in the connection between the slide and bed wing the plate to form a shallow rugged channel. Preferably, the width of the slide corresponds to the width of the bed wing so that the latter with a slide assembled thereon will present a neat external appearance.

To provide a rugged yet detachable connection between the bed wing and the slide, the sides of the latter are recessed to receive the heads of the clamping screws 32 and provide ledges 38 having recesses therein through which the screws project and thread into the bed wing holes. Thus the slide may be secured interchangeably to any bed wing. Accurate location of the slide or column guideways may be facilitated through the use of shims 36 (Fig. 46) between the padson the bed wing and slide. Thus after rigid attachment of the bed wing to the pedestal, the different shims are ground or otherwise cut to the thickness to locate the slide guideways' properly with respect to some established point such for example as the pedestal keyways l6. Then the screws 32 are tightened down and the relation of the slide and bed wing may be firmly established as by the use of suitable dowel pins 38 (Figs. 4 and 47).

In the present instance, the slide is constructed with special slideways coacting with complemental surfaces on the saddle to form a rugged guide. These slideways are formed by macirining the upper surfaces, the opposed side surfaces,"

' tool travel may be provided for readiiy and economically. Thus where a greater travel is re-.

quired than is obtained with the stock slide construction, a longer slide may be mounted on a regular bed wing with one end overhanging the end of the bed wing as shown in Fig. 60.

The vertical column Where the tool must approach the work in a generally vertical direction, a column 4 is used instead of a slide 3 above described. Like the slide, the column is made as a separate unit in order to facilitate the attainment of different angles of approach by the use of angle spacers 9 and also to minimize the cost of special column constructions where such are required. The column is of hollow construction comprising two parallel side walls 50 rigidly joined by a back wali 4| and a forward wall 42 both of which terminate short of the upper ends of the side walis so .as to afiord access to the upper end of the column.

At its base, the column has pads machined to fit on the bed wing pads 29 and 30. The screws 32 and 34 for fastening the column to the bed wing thread into the holes 3| and S3 in the bed wing and extend through ledges 43 at the rear of the column and through holes 54 in a forwardly projecting flange near the base of the column. Shims may be interposed betweenthe machined surfaces of the column and bed wing for alinement purposes.

In the form shown in-Figs. l and 3, the side walls 40 of the-column preject forwardly from the upper part of the front wall 42. and have inturned flanges 45 formed integral therewith. These flanges are of the same cross-sectional shape and are machined to form guide surfaces taehment at 49 to the saddle which is guided by the column. The pulley is disposed above the upper end of the front column'wall.

if desired, the range of adjustability of the vertical lines of approach may be increased by forming the column in two parts adapted to be separated by spacers of varying thickness. As shown in Figs. 43, 45 and 47, the stock slide unit 3 may serve as one of these parts, the column being formed with mounting pads 50 to which the slide may be secured by screws 5| in the same way as the slide is secured to the bed wing. Thus, in this modification, the slide may be used interchangeably as a part of the column 4' or on a bed wing 2 to provide either vertical or horizontal guideways. By interposing spacers betion of the guideway formed by the slide may be varied as desired.

The saddle The general shape of this unit conforms to that of the slide-and column guideways above described and also to the power pack unit 5 and the tool'unit 1, both of which units are preferably demountably attached to the saddle to form a unitary tool head assembly. Herein, the saddle comprises an elongated block of approximately the same width as the slide 3.

g The formof guideway herein shown for purposes of illustration comprises outwardly projecting flanges 52 and 53 along opposite sides of the saddle block defining between them outwardly opening longitudinal grooves which are adapted to receive the slide flanges 39 when the saddle is slid onto the slide in an endwise direction. The machined underside surfaces of the flanges 52 overlie and rest upon the upper slide surfaces while the upper surfaces of the flanges 53 are machined with tapers to permit the location of gibs 54 between these flanges and the shde flanges 39. The gibs are secured to one end of the saddle for longitudinal adjustment by suitable screws 55 to take up wear at the coacting horizontal surfaces of the slide and saddle. One of the saddle surfaces 56 bears directly against the slide flange and the other corresponding saddle surface is tapered and has a 51 extending therealong for engagement with the other slide flange. By adjustment of this git), lateral wear may be taken up.

For purposes to appear presently, a keyway 58 and an upwardly opening groove 5:=: are formed in the upper surface of the saddle extending longitudinally thereof, the groove being interrupted intermediate its ends by an enlarged upwardly opening recess SI) for receiving certain parts of the-power pack assembles. thereon.

Means carried wholly by the saddle is provided for automatically lubricating the interengaging surfaces of the saddle and the slide or column. Herein this means comprises a pump 6| of the reciprocating piston type mounted within an oilreceptacie 62 (Figs. 5, 6 and 9) secured to the saddle in a recess 83 on the under sidethereof and arranged to be actuated by oscillation of an arm 64 projecting from the receptacle.

elongate-i inclined cam surface 66 on the slide iFig. 4) or column (Fig. 1) carrying the saddle. Thus, the arm 64 is moved back and forth as the saddle reciprocates. On one stroke of the arm, the pump withdraws oil from the receptacle and on the reverse movement, discharges the same throughsuitable passages 61 (Figs. 5 and 6) for I distributing the oil to the difierent coacting guide In the present exemplary disclosure, those functions involving power driven or moving parts, including driving of the tool, effecting relative feed, rapid approach, and rapid return motions between the tooi and the work, and automatically defining cycles of these motions are concen= The arm is'urged by a spring 65 into engagement with an trated in and performed by this self-contained power actuated unit. Preferably, although not necessarily, the unit is made structurally separate from the saddle 5 and the tool unit I so that it may be detached readily and. removed from the machine without necessitating removal of the saddle and without disturbing the position of the tool unit. This is especially advantageous in that any power pack which needs repair may be removed quickly and another stock unit immediately substituted therefor thereby avoiding any appreciable shut-down of the machine. The power pack thus removed may be taken to a separate shop where conditions are more favorable to the making of repairs than on the production floor.

In order to enclose the operating parts of the power pack and facilitate lubrication thereof, these parts are mounted within a common housing 68 adapted to rest upon the rear end portion of the saddle S'and having a tongue 69 extend ing along the bottom wall and fitting snugly in the saddle keyway 58 so as to locate the power pack in a definite position laterally of the saddle. The housing comprises an elongated tubular central section closed at its rear end by a removable cover 10 and at its forward end by a plate H secured to the housing proper by suitable screws H To secure the housing detachably to the saddle, screws 12 (Fig. 9) are employed in the present'instance extending through holes 13 in the saddle.

Driving of the tool where a rotary tool is used and also feed and rapid traverse motions are effected by electric power preferably by direct' drive from electric motors 14 and 15 (Fig. '7) disposed within the housing 68. In the present instance, the former constitutes a combined tooldriving and feed motor and is made of the reversible type in order that tapping operations may be performed. The motor 15 is reversible and is arranged to produce rapid approach and rapid return motions according to the direction of its rotation when operated either simultaneously with or independently of the feed motor 14. For rotating the tools of the associated tool unit, the shaft 16 of the, motor 14 carries a pinion meshing with a gear on a shaft 11 which projects through the end plate 1| at the forward end of the housing and carries a pinion 18 which provides one element of a disengageable coupling for extending the tool drive from the power pack to the tool unit while permitting independent removal of the, tool unit or of the'power pack from the saddle. v

Where, as in \the embodiment thus far described, the cutting tool is moved relative to the work-piece' for machining the latter, the rotary motion produced by operation of the motors 14 and 15 either simultaneously or independently is converted into "reciprocatory motion and transmitted to the saddle by two relatively rotatable feed elements which herein have constantly engaged driving connections with the motors so that a cycle of feed and rapid traverse motions in opposite directions may be defined simply by controlling the selective operation of the motors; In order to adapt the unit for tapping operations, the feed elements here employed comprise a lead screw 19 and an-elongated nut threaded thereon. To permit both motors to be located within the housing and avoid the use of spline connections, one of the feed elements, that is the latter along the slideways.

gearing 8| is employed to combine the motions of the two motors.

In the embodiment shown, the differential gearing (see Fig. 7) is of the planetary type having terminal sun and ring gears 82 and 83 connected respectively to the rapid traverse and feed motors and planet gears 84 carried by two plates 85 rigid with the feed nut 80. The sun gear is on a sleeve 86 carrying a gear 87 meshing with a gear 88 fast on the shaft of the rapid traverse motor I5. The feed motor shaft 16 is connected to the ring gear 83 by worm and spur gearing 89 and worm gearing 90. With this arrangement, it will be apparent that the nut 80 may be rotated by either of the motors and will be advanced along the screw 19 in a direction and at a speed corresponding to that of the operating motor. In the event that the feed motor 14 is operated simultaneously with the rapid traverse motor, the rate of motion of the nut will be increased or decreased in an amount equal to the feed rate and according to the direction of the feed motor relative to the rapid traverse motor, but the net motion will be at a rapid traverse speed.

To hold the rapid traverse motor shaft against rotation when the feed motor only is operating, a. friction brake 9| is held engaged by suitable springs 92. The brake is released automatically upon excitation of the motor 15 which energizes a solenoid 93 in the motor circuit and having an armature 94 arranged to shift a rod 95 axially of the motor shaft and disengage the braking elements.

In the present instance, the differential gearing, the screw and the nut are disposed close to the plane of the saddle slideways and are housed within elongated downwardly bulging parts (Fig. 9) of the housing 68, which parts are received in the recess 60 and the grooves 59 of the saddle when the power pack is placed thereon. The nut is supported by anti-friction thrust bearings 96. The screw projects from the forward end of the nut beneath the tool unit 1, and its forward end is detachably anchored to the guide section. For this purpose, a plate 91 to which the end of the screw is fastened as by a nut .98 is secured as by bolts to the slide 3 beyond the normal limits of travel of the saddle 5' preferably at the extreme forward end of the slide. The screw may be removably anchored in a similar way on the column 4 by means of a bracket 99 (Fig. 2) adapted to be secured detachably to the front column wall 42. In removing the power pack unit from the saddle, the screw 79 may be detached from the plate '91 or ,the bracket 99 and lifted off from the saddle with the power pack or it may be turned out of the nut 80, or the screw may be left attached to the slide or column and the nut run off from the rear end of the screw by power.

In addition to performing the tool driving and feeding functions, the power pack unit also serves to control the selective operation of the feed and rapid traverse motors and thereby define an automatic cycle of movements of the tool head assembly. This function is performed in the present instance, by the selective operation of control switches IOI, I02, I04 and I05 (Figs. 7 and 19) by a series of manually adjustable dogs I06 on a control member which is mounted on the power pack but arranged for movement relative thereto in unison with the movements of the Herein the control member is in the form of an oscillatory disk I01 

